Pompeii- Politcal Life Free Essays

Pompeii, as a normal Roman settlement commonplace towns, was self-administrating in nearby issues, however subject to supreme pronouncement from Rome. In any case, the head once in a while meddled with the exception of where the empire’s security or neighborhood request was undermined. After the revolt in the amphitheater among Pompeians and Nucerians in AD 59 the head, Nero, excused the two boss justices, had two increasingly chose and named a law-offering administrator to direct them. We will compose a custom paper test on Pompeii-Politcal Life or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now The occupants didn't rail against such obstruction and continually exhibited their steadfastness to the majestic family by developing dedicatory sculptures, holy places, curves and structures. The real government, the official body, comprised of two duumviri and two aediles, every year chose by the comitium, the people’s gathering of which all grown-up male residents were individuals. The Duumviri were the two boss officers of every town and were set the most noteworthy in political life. During their long stretches of office, the Duumviri wore a robe with a thick purple guest and would appreciate the best seats at the open games or at the theater. Since they were invested with the ability to reexamine the Council Roll, the ‘Quinquennales’ deserved the best admiration. The yearly appointment of these four judges was the comitium’s just capacity, and the races didn't neglect to produce a reasonable arrangement of energy and fervor which can be found in Source A which is demonstrating spray painting of a political issue attracted on a divider to tell the individuals of Pompeii about the political occasion happening. Of the four justices, the two aediles were responsible for open structures, including sanctuaries, for example, the Temple of Isis, which can be found in source B. The Temple of Isis In Pompeii, just freeborn male residents more than 25 with great good character could cast a ballot. Lodging squares or regions comprised discretionary territories. The Senatorial and the Equestrian classes spoke to and served the Roman Emperor. For legislators, it was a genetic situation, with the necessity to have property esteemed at 1 million secterces. Congresspersons were generally well off Romans who visited their estates in Pompeii. Equites were recognized by frocks with a limited purple stripe. Equites served the Emperor in significant posts, for example, authorities of fire administrations and military officials. It was anything but an inherited position and was just given to men with property equivalent to 400,000 secterces. Decurions, were chosen for run the town. Two were called duumviri, and were senior judges. They managed decisions, did pronouncements of the Decurion committee, and were responsible for equity and account. The two junior Decurions were the Aediles. They dealt with the dayto-day running of the town, upkeep of open structures, water gracefully, sanitation, road showcases and looked after request. Aediles were unpaid and required different occupations to pay their representatives. Governmental issues and religion were vigorously entwined, where strict jobs got political. The Augustales was a royal religion of freedmen, which managed its individuals political force. Enrollment was bought; accordingly a level of riches was required. Found one street or two away from the Forum in Pompeii is the Temple of Fortuna Augusta which housed the Augustales. trademark was self-administration. .The duumviri were accountable for equity. At regular intervals, the duumviri were additionally answerable for sorting out the evaluation all things considered and of overhauling the rundown of individuals from the ordo decurionum, the administrative chamber (or senate). It had around 100 individuals (decuriones), among them the previous justices and different residents designated by the duumviri at regular intervals. They must be free-conceived residents and sufficiently rich to have the option to spend extensive entireties on the network. A few callings, (for example, combatants, entertainers and landlords) were rejected from participation, which in any case seems to have been moderately open. The Aediles, in any case, being the two lower positioning officers of the two towns, were answerable for the regular organization. The recreation of Pompeii’s political structure is mostly founded on epigraphical proof, for example, the numerous political decision trademarks on the dividers of private too open structures, and on examinations with other, comparative states. The sensational change from fundamentally free Samnite town to a Roman settlement had obviously an extraordinary effect on Pompeii’s townscape and the way of life of its occupants. The epigraphic proof recommends that political movement in Pompeii was extreme, particularly paving the way to the decisions in March of every year. It shows up from the a large number of discretionary notification painted on the dividers that the vast majority, including ladies, were politically mindful and excited. Structures The city board met in the luxuriously designed Curia chamber on the southern side of the Forum neighboring the Comitium (People’s gathering) in the southern-eastern corner. The Comitium was a roofless structure where town gatherings were held during which the residents could scrutinize the individuals from the legislature. The proof for substantial doors proposes that a few gatherings may have been very tumultuous. It might likewise have been utilized on surveying day. On the opposite side of the Curia was the little Tabularium where all the administration. Business was recorded and documented, including charge records. Nearby were the workplaces of the officers. The basilica was the seat of the legal executive and law courts, just as a middle for business exercises. Basilicas normally kept a standard arrangement: a long rectangular focal lobby, flanked on either side by a colonnaded path and an apse toward one side. The focal corridor in Pompeii’s Basilica was two storeyed with light separating through from the upper exhibition. Toward one side, five entryways connected the corridor with the Forum and at the other was a raised platform where the officer, as judge, sat over the attorneys, witnesses, offended parties and litigants. It is accepted that the council platform was gotten to by compact wooden advances which were expelled during a meeting with the goal that general society couldn't arrive at the appointed authority. The two duoviri made decisions about: disgraceful decurions, discretionary applicants without the necessary capabilities, unseemly conduct during races, and abuse of open assets, burglaries and murder. They were liable for condemning, however could just give capital punishment to outsiders and slaves. Political race FEVER About portion of the constituent pronouncements and publicity found in Pompeii identified with the appointment of March AD 79. Prior mottos were whitewashed over to make promoting space for the following gathering of competitors. To distinguish himself, a competitor wore a white frock (candida) and utilized a captive to murmur his name to all with whom he came in contact (nomenclator). Step by step instructions to refer to Pompeii-Politcal Life, Papers

Humanitarian Response to Darfur Crisis Free Essays

string(99) the organization in Khartoum has a few ramifications to the idea of Responsibility to Protect. Presentation From time being, a gigantic infringement and maltreatment of the key human rights exists. In the latest time, the appearance of the most recent three decades encountered a move of these infringement from the in vogue between state clashes to all types of inward dangers. On the other hand, the last one hundred years has seen a sizeable increment in universal cooperation and solidarity. We will compose a custom article test on Compassionate Response to Darfur Crisis or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Human endeavors to battle wrongdoing and take part in exercises to advance human government assistance and security have brought about the origination of global associations, for example, the UN and NATO. In this way, the twentieth century has observer an enormous logical inconsistency caught between humanity’s inspiration to challenge all types of dangers related with humankind and its obvious inability to viably enact and execute its planned activities. Like never before, genuine human right penetrate is as yet experienced in today’s world. The Libya emergency which despite everything rules the features of each medium is a prominent model. While it clear that dangers to humankind cuts over the globe, a down to earth perception shows that the greater part of culprits of these wrongdoings against mankind are generally found in the third reality where tyranny organization despite everything exists (Thomas et al., 2002). While every sovereign state maintains whatever authority is needed to regulate its domain, contemporary security issues may require mediation by others eventually in-time for the government assistance of mankind. In light of this, few factors that make this view very much challenged still endure. Asserting that one can completely mediate in issues that undermine humankind will be favoring of a subject that isn't absolutely restricted and open to a few understandings. The idea of Responsibility to Protect moves the states to ensure its own kin, yet additionally, those individuals whose state have neglected to secure. This exposition especially centers around emergencies including circumstances where the state has been blamed for taking part in the demonstration of destruction. A wrongdoing recorded among the four violations against humankind in the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document. For a superior understanding, I will investigate the instance of Darfur and how the global network reacted to it. This will empower an appropriate commitment with the discussion on the Responsibility to Protect and Humanitarian Intervention contemplating the power of a state. Darfur: Background to the emergency For near 10 years, the world saw an appalled circumstance like that of the 1994 Rwandan destruction. About 4.2 million Darfuri regular citizens were casualty of a bleeding slaughter, fierce assault and an immediate relocation from their prompt homes (ICRtoP, 2010). The emergency which is accepted to have its underlying foundations in a drawn out underestimation and disregard of the Furs, the Massalit, and the Zaghawa clans by the progressive overseeing system from Khartoum was bothered byDarfur’s isolation from the North-South provincial harmony process in 2003 (HCIDC, 2005, p:9). The platitude situation to Darfur emergency is that of the underestimated bunch waging war contrary to the legislature in Khartoum which was similarly and lethally countered by the Arab state army in a wicked ethnic purifying (Brosche, 2008, p:5). Undisputedly, the culprits of these abominable demonstrations are the Sudanese government-bolstered Janjaweed Military Group. With no type of over-estimation, at any rate 400,000 individuals have been killed in the measurements introduced by the Humanitarian Affairs Chapter of the United Nations (ICRtoP, 2010). Despite the fact that the Sudanese government has been blamed for planning a drive of ethnic purifying by methods for an option military, yet, the worldwide network of states being able to control the agitation in the grieved Darfur locale neglected to start to lead the pack in embodying activities that will ensure the powerless regular people due to repudiating enthusiasm between geopolitical concerns and an inadequate political ins piration (ICRtoP, 2010). With no preference, the Sudanese government unmitigatedly disregarded the government assistance of its kin by bombing in their Responsibility to Protect the Dafuris. In this circumstance, the Responsibility to Protect, however challenged by various school of contemplations turns into a target to be maintained by the worldwide network of states if the rights and government assistance of the anguished Dafuris must be safeguarded. Certain hypothetical point of view will potentially clarify the conduct of specific states and the worldwide network. A general review of authenticity and progressivism hypothesis will adequately feature essential assessment which has molded onlookers natural suspicions about compassionate intercessions (Hehir, 2010, p: 61). Theorectical Perspectives The torpid demeanor and absence of political inspiration of the worldwide network to react to the emergencies in Darfur constantly validates John Mearsheimer in his famous and invigorating review titled â€Å"The False Hope of International Institution†. His contention is generally inflexible in light of the fact that the circumstance in Darfur appears to support his feeling which advances that a bombed state doesn't require intercession from outer countries with the exception of there is a relative increase (1994, p: 12). Universal organizations scarcely ever apply any earth shattering expert on states activities and thusly, subject itself to reactions (Donnelly, 2000: p 132). For instance, nine fundamental declarations combined with 21 presidential explanations have been received since the beginning of the emergencies in Darfur, yet, the circumstance has at its best continued as before and at its more terrible decayed further (Prendergast et al, 2008, p: 2). Old style pragma tist like Mearsheimer contends that the global network is inclined to disappointments in its Responsibility to Protect, consequently, questionable. Neo pragmatist then again, will trouble less about ethics, which fundamentally harms the possibility of compassionate intercession. Pragmatists like E. H Carr ceaselessly states that, profound quality are minor activities of the super powers to keep on getting a charge out of unending control in each conceivable limit by pushing philanthropic intercession (Hehir, 2010, p: 61). All things considered, the authenticity point of view to the emergency in Darfur potentially clarifies the moderate reaction of the universal network. Different states establishing the Security Council’s political intrigue perpetually decides the adequacy of any mediation. Despite the fact that the system in Washington was the first to name the emergency in Darfur Genocide, in any case, the blend of assents and its conspicuous enthusiasm to get data about Al-Qaeda from the organization in Khartoum has a few ramifications to the idea of Responsibility to Protect. You read Philanthropic Response to Darfur Crisis in class Article models The United States establishes a potential individual from the Security Council. Accordingly, its political will to help Humanitarian Intervention will go far to guarantee the accomplishment in Darfur (Brosche, 2008, p: 96). These activities have some authenticity in itself, in that each state ought to guarantee its own endurance. Authenticity as an IR hypothesis propose that, the prosperity of a state ought to never be focused on any type of universal agreement, and endeavors of worldwide administration through global standards ought to be opposed since practices of all-encompassing bodies are constrained by the enthusiasm of the super powers comprising them (Kegley, 2007: p 31). This point of view advocates an intelligent understanding. On the off chance that the contention by pragmatist speaks to individuals as seriously defective and normally egocentric, at that point the proposition of building a perfect world is useless. In no degree can an association be all the more remarkable to the characteristics of its comprising individuals. Along these lines, worldwide peacefulness turns into an objective outside the extent of any particular state party. Similarly as one’s individual heart wants can't be constrained by another, so likewise a state crucial morals can't be controlled by others. Despite the fact that impact can in some cases be convincing, in any case, the express endorsement to give the last decision dwells inside the individual states. Radicalism then again advocates that worldwide harmony is conceivable and can be procured through the collaboration of individual states. In spite of the fact that there are diverse variation of the liberal suspicions, in any case, the essentials of this way of thinking accentuates moral measures over the journey of intensity. It characterizes governmental issues at the worldwide level as fight for accord instead of a battle for incomparability and status. Kant’s approach of this hypothesis reveals to us that â€Å"peace can be perpetual†. Along these lines, clashes are ludicrous and conflicting with nature. It is a reenacted invention and not an aftereffect of some recognized attributes of human instinct (Burchill et al., 2009: p 58). For this contention, the global network must distinguish itself in other to cancel those establishments that make strife plausible. States should likewise reproduce their political structures so equitable control and social freedoms inside states can secure human benefits and encourage more advantageous relations among states. (Kegley, 2007: p 26-27). Devotees of this thought will probably concur that â€Å"every extraordinary maltreatment of human rights merits intercession by the entire human race falling under the global network for compassionate purposes† (Annan, 2004). Since NATO’s intercessions in Bosnia and Kosovo in 1995 and 1999 separately were viewed as a relative accomplishment by a few, at that point this methodology conceivably clarifies the responses of certain pundits as respects to the emergency in Darfur and consequently, distinguishes itself with the standard of compassionate mediation (Miller, 2010, p: 150). Internati

Year 2000 Problem Essays - Calendars, Software Bugs, COBOL, Hazards

Year 2000 Problem The millennial sun will initially ascend over human development in the free republic of Kirbati, a gathering of thirty low lying coral islands in the Pacific Sea. Kirbati rides the equator and the International Dateline midway among Hawaii and Australia. For the individuals who experience a daily reality such that depends on satellites, air, rail and ground transportation, fabricating plants, power, warmth, phone, or TV, when the schedule clicks '99 to '00, we will encounter a genuine millennial move (Peterson). As the sun moves westbound on January 1, 2000 and the date moves quietly inside a great many modernized frameworks, we will start to encounter our PC subordinate world in another manner. At the stroke of 12 PM, the new thousand years proclaims the best test to present day society that we still can't seem to look as a planetary network. Regardless of whether we experience this as tumult or social change will be affected by what we do right away. What is theY2K (Year 2000) issue? At the point when PC frameworks were worked in the 1960's and 1970's PC equipment was excessively costly. To lessen costs, software engineers searched for approaches to diminish information stockpiling prerequisites. It was normal for year to be put away in databases in two digit fields instead of four digits. Why would that be a difficult at this point? The frameworks worked during this period were not very easy to understand, however the PCs were generally basic to business tasks. Since these frameworks of the 1960's and 1970's were not planned to run in numerous hundreds of years, most will either deliver mistaken data or essentially fall flat toward the century's end. It may not seem like a lot of exertion to fix these machines, yet actually, it includes a lot of time and cost. The Gartner Group, a regarded data innovation analyst, evaluates that it will cost as much as $600 billion around the world. On the off chance that the issue isn't tended to in time, the outcomes could be cataclysmic. There is as of now across the board mindfulness that Y2K includes more than the disappointment of a person's close to home PC, or an off base date in a spreadsheet. It is presently broadly comprehended that Y2K could influence the lives of people, however precisely in what way is obscure (Associated P 1). Today PCs are utilized to work generally mechanical hardware that influences each part of our lives. In 1991 the IRS has 88,000 programs on eighty centralized computer PCs to troubleshoot. Before the finish of 1997 they had tidied up just 2,000 projects. At that rate it would take the IRS 264 a long time to troubleshoot each of the 88,000 projects. Y2K is a specialized issue that can't be comprehended by innovation, the primary ever non debatable cutoff time, an orderly emergency that nobody can settle alone, an emergency that rises above limits and chains of importance, and a chance to rearrange and update significant frameworks (Peterson 1). How terrible is the Y2K issue? Numerous investigations have been done to assess the cost of tending to this issue. The Y2K issue would not be as genuine today had business and government pioneers managed the circumstance before. Thusly, a race with time as the opponent is in progress. For some, associations work has not by any means started! For what reason isn't the Y2K being tended to? The most serious issue today is the absence of worry by numerous organizations and governments to take this issue genuinely, despite writing accessible. Numerous individuals don't see how a straightforward PC glitch could influence the world. Some business proprietors know about the issue however might be keeping quiet with expectations of not scaring their stock. It is conceivable that a significant number of our chosen heads don't see the capability of social and monetary fiasco. What could occur? Your phone administration is ended in light of mistakes in information computations, your driver's permit lapses in light of the fact that the engine vehicle office can't perceive dates after December 31, 1999, the retail chain dismisses your Visa on the grounds that your installment is 100 years past due, your bank's mechanized teller swallows your card, thinking it has terminated and your Social Security installments are cut off since the office's PCs err your age. While somewhere else, bank vaults will not open, building security frameworks come up short, declining to peruse coded cards or keys, and carrier flight plans are tossed into disorder on account of defects noticeable all around traffic control framework PCs (The Year 2000). How can you get ready? Attempt to make every conceivable planning when you can. It would be a smart thought to keep additional money hand, maybe enough to live on for a whole week. Plan to invest a considerable measure of energy checking, overhauling and getting ready your home

Essay Topics For Media Anthropology

Essay Topics For Media AnthropologyIf you have decided to embark on a career in the humanities, essay topics for media anthropology can be quite challenging. There are some media items that are often discussed in the schools. For example, I have talked about such topics as the film industry and the new media.The very interesting thing about essay topics for media anthropology is that it often includes a variety of angles. By not just merely discussing one topic, you can actually include several of them to create a wide angle of commentary.Your essay will need to discuss the way that the media influences the way people act, or the way that the media changes the way people act. A good example of this would be the television shows and movies that were made in the present era.Themes that are likely to come up include themes of what a person is like, theme of the new technology, the subject as well as the physical nature of the media, the subject as well as the psychological aspects of th e media, and the subject as well as the cultural aspect of the media. What I am suggesting is that your essay should be aimed at providing a very broad theme of all of these topics.Themes for essay topics for media anthropology include things such as using the media to show what people would do if they had the power to do so. Or, the media as the tool to deliver messages to people. If the media can represent other ideas then it can also be used to create new ones.You might also consider a theme that could involve how the media affects the personal development of those who use it. I recommend that you think about how the media can affect different psychological aspects of individuals.A theme that is developed through a balanced discussion could be a very powerful theme to include in your research. Also, you might want to consider whether you want to include an attitude or a point of view, or even more than one. Consider all of this and give it a great thought.

Assignment Net Present Value and Capital - 2389 Words

[pic] AMITY SCHOOL OF DISTANCE LEARNING Post Box No. 503, Sector-44 Noida – 201303 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Assignment A Marks 10 Answer all questions. 1. a. Should the titles of controller and treasurer be adopted under Indian context? Would you like to modify their functions in view of the company practice in India? Justify your opinion? b. A firm purchases a machinery for Rs. 8,00,000 by making a down payment of Rs.1,50,000 and remainder in equal instalments of Rs. 1,50,000 for six years. What is the rate of interest to the firm? 2. a.Explain the mechanism of calculating the present value of cash flows..What is annuity due? How can you calculate the present and future values of an annuity due?†¦show more content†¦One-fourth of sales are on cash basis. Cash balance expected to be Rs. 12,000. You are required to prepare a statement showing the working capital needed o finance a level of activity of 70,000 units of output. You may assume that production is carried on evenly throughout the year and wages and overheads accrue similarly. 2. a. Through quantitative analysis prove that PI is a better technique than NPV in Capital Budgeting. b..A company is considering the following investment projects: | |Cash Flows (Rs.) | |Projects | | | |Co |C1 |C2 |C3 | | | |Show MoreRelatedCapital Budgeting Process Should Be Utilized1432 Words   |  6 Pagesby some type of investment(s), in the form of acquisition, and or merger. In the world of business, capital budgeting is one of the most important steps that a company or organization can take. This process is called Capital budgeting. Capital budgeting is a process that attempts to determine the future. Before any large project begins, the capital budgeting process should be utilized. Without capital budgeting, your company could make a fatal mistake. A company or organization that is looking to investRead MoreCapital Budgeting Process Should Be Utilized1489 Words   |  6 Pagesby some type of investment(s), in the form of acquisition, and or merger. In the world of business, capital budgeting is one of the most important steps that a company or organization can take. This process is called Capital budgeting. Capital budgeting is a process that attempts to determine the future. Before any large project begins, the capital budgeting process should be utilized. Without capital budgeting, your company could make a fatal mistake. A company or organization that is looking to investRead MoreCaladonia Products Integrative Problem1382 Words   |  6 Pagesthe assistants understanding of the capital budgeting process (Keown, Martin, Perry, Scott, 2005). Financial Assistants Assignment The financial assistant received the important assignment by memorandum from the CEO. 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The organization has asked Team B to evaluate the potential risk involved in an upcoming transaction and identify several options in how to proceed. Because this is the team’s first assignments dealing with risk analyzes the team has been ask to further explain the details. The organization analysis will focus on free cash flows, projection of cash flows, projects initial outlay, cash flow diagram, net present value, internal rate ofRead MoreBu 3121305 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 1: Bus 312 You must provide complete answers that describe and demonstrate how you arrived at your solution. Numeric solutions alone are unacceptable. In addition, copying and pasting suggested solutions is not sufficient effort to earn a mark for this or any other assignment. Hand in a â€Å"hard copy† of your assignment to the marker box. No e-mail submissions. No late assignments, no exceptions. 1. (From Final Exam Summer 2009) ABC Company Ltd., is considering a possible businessRead MoreSyllabus: Corporate Finance and Business Journal/newspaper Article1123 Words   |  5 Pagesare responsible for making significant investment and financing decisions. The course is designed to develop critical corporate finance skills including: financial statement analysis, time value of money, valuation of stocks and bonds, net present value, risk adjusted return, opportunity cost of capital, capital budgeting and planning, company valuation and Mamp;A. At the end of this course students will understand how to apply these concepts to financing decisions that will impact the valuation

Animal Testing Should Be Banned - 1843 Words

ANIMAL TESTING What does Colgate, Band-Aid, Tylenol, Kleenex, L’Oreal, Gillette, Ziploc, and Ben Jerry’s have in common? They all are companies that test on animals. Animal testing has been a routine process mainly in the cosmetic industry, among others, around the world since the time of the ancient Greeks. Not only is this practice inhumane, but it is also thought to be ineffective by many researchers and scientists. More than half of the tests that are performed on animals have different reactions on humans, and innocent animals are unnecessarily put through cruel treatment. Animals do not deserve to be used as subjects for research work or product testing. Animals have been tested on repeatedly throughout the history of biomedical research. In ancient times, scientists made use of animals principally to satisfy anatomical curiosity. Early Greek physicians performed experiments on live animals like rats, guinea pigs, and birds. Galen of Pergamum, a Greek physician who practiced in Rome during the Second Century, conducted animal experiments in the areas of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. He is the first to describe the complexities of the cardiopulmonary system, and also speculated on the functions of the brain and spinal cord. An Arab physician of the Twelfth Century, Ibn Zuhr, also known as Avenzoar, tested surgical procedures on animals before applying them to human patients. During the late Middle Ages and Renaissance, there was a rapidShow MoreRelatedShould Animal Testing Be Banned?844 Words   |  3 PagesShould animal testing be banned? Nowadays, a lot of animals has been tested on a range of experiments over the world. You could be supporting animal teasing cruelty without knowing it. Have you ever check if there’s animal testing on the cosmetics before you buy it? Today, a lot of cosmetics has been testing on helpless animals and there are about 1.4 million animals die each year from animal testing ( CatalanoJ, 1994). Most of the experiments that are completed in the laboratories are very cruelRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned880 Words   |  4 Pagesdepending on animals testing. Therefore, if people talk about laboratories, they should remember animal experiments. Those animals have the right to live, according to people who dislike the idea of doing testing on animals; the other opinion, supports the idea of animal testing as the important part of the source of what has reached medicine of the results and solutions for diseases prevalent in every time and place. Each year huge numbers of animals a re sacrificed for the science all these animals, whetherRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned776 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing Should be Banned  ¨Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisioned and abused in US labs every year ¨ ( ¨11 Facts About Animal Testing ¨). Imagine if that was someones animal getting tortured in labs just to test things such as beauty products and perfume. Animal testing was first suggested when,  ¨Charles Darwin evolutionary theory in the mid 1850s also served to suggest that animals could serve as effective models to facilitate biological understanding in humans ¨ (Murnaghan)Read MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned940 Words   |  4 Pages1). Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in US labs every year. 2). 92% of experimental drugs that are safe and effective in animals fail in human clinical trials. (DoSomething â€Å"11 Facts About Animal Testing†). 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Animals are often abused, suffer, and even die during laboratory testing for the benefits of people to make sure medications, household products, newest procedures, and cosmetics are safe and effective for human use. Humans have benefited from animal testing for years while these animals suffer consequences with no positive outcomes for themselves. Even if a product or procedure is deemed successful, these animals are frequentlyRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pages Animal Testing Should Be Banned Throughout the decades, animals have been used in medical research to test the safety of cosmetics including makeup, hair products, soaps, perfume, and countless of other products. Animals have also been used to test antibiotics and other medicines to eliminate any potential risks that they could cause to humans. The number of animals worldwide that are used in laboratory experiments yearly exceeds 115 million animals. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of

John Ruskin Example For Students

John Ruskin Biography Biography John Ruskin  (1819–1900) English author and art critic, born in London. Son of a wealthy wine merchant, he was brought up in a cultured and religious family, but his mother’s over protectiveness undoubtedly contributed to his later psychological troubles. On his frequent trips in Europe, he took an artist’s and a poet’s delight both in landscape and in works of art, especially medieval and Renaissance. His first great work, Modern Painters (5 volumes, 1843–60), began as a passionate defence of Turner’s pictures, but became a study of the principles of art. In The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849) and The Stones of Venice (1851) he similarly treated the fundamentals of architecture. These principles enabled him, incidentally, to appreciate and defend the Pre-Raphaelites, then the target of violent abuse. To Ruskin the relationship between art, morality and social justice was of paramount importance and he increasingly became preoccupied with social reform. His concern inspired, among others, William Morris and Arnold Toynbee. He founded the Working Men’s College (1854) and backed with money the experiments of Octavia Hill in the management of house property. He advocated social reforms which later were adopted by all political parties: old age pensions, universal free education, better housing. Nevertheless, he described himself as a ‘violent Tory of the old school, of Walter Scott – and Homer’, working with Thomas *Carlyle to defend Edward John Eyre against prosecution for murder after his violent suppression of a rebellion in Jamaica (1865). Gothic was for Ruskin the expression of an integrated and spiritual civilisation; classicism represented paganism and corruption; the use of cast iron, and the increasing importance of function in architecture and engineering seemed to him a lamentable trend. He was Slade professor of art at Oxford 1870–79 and 1883–84. His later works, e.g. Sesame and Lilies (1865), The Crown of Wild Olives (1866) and Fors Clavigera (1871–84), contain the program of social reform in which he was so interested. Ruskin married (1848) Euphemia (Effie) Gray (the child for whom he had written The King of the Golden River) but in 1854, after six years of non-consummation, the marriage was annulled and Effie later married the painter John Millais. Ruskin did not remarry, although on other occasions he fell in love with girls much younger than himself. His last disappointment over Rose la Touche contributed to a mental breakdown and his last years were spent in seclusion at Brantwood on Lake Coniston, where he wrote Praeterita, an unfinished account of his early life. Much of his wealth he devoted to the ‘Guild of St George’, which he founded, and other schemes of social welfare. Ruskin had (despite his sometimes violent views) profound influence on *Gandhi and *Proust.

Strategic Analysis Of Siemens Commerce Essay Example For Students

Strategic Analysis Of Siemens Commerce Essay Mhos is now one of Europes largest technology pudding stones. Its international central offices are located in Germany. Siemens is a diversified and immense group, with concern in information and communications, mechanization and control, power, transit, wellness attention, illuming and fiscal service concerns. Its concerns have strong leading in electronics and electrical technology. Siemens has three chief concern sectors: Industry, Energy and Healthcare and it has a entire every bit many as of 15 divisions ( Barclay, 2000 ) . We will write a custom essay on Strategic Analysis Of Siemens Commerce specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Worldwide Siemens and its subordinates employ about 420,800 people in about 190 states and reported planetary gross of 76.615 billion Euros as of 2009. Siemens AG is listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since March 12, 2001. Outline1 Mission and vision2 Strategic issues3 Pioneer of sustainability4 Great in diverseness5 Advanced6 Strategic analysis for Siemens7 PESTEL analysis of the macro-environment8 PESTEL analysis for Siemens9 Germany10 GLOBAL11 Political12 Economic13 Social14 Technological15 Environmental16 Legal17 Porter s five forces18 Porter s five forces19 Degree of competition20 Dickering power of clients21 Dickering power of providers22 Menace of new entrants:23 Menace of replacements24 SWOT Analysis25 Strengths26 Failings27 Opportunities28 Menaces29 Strengths30 Failing31 Opportunities32 Menaces33 The strategic options from SWOT34 Inner control35 Transportation activities from 3rd parties36 Restructure the capital construction37 Found new divisions for new merchandises38 Joint venture Mission and vision Highest public presentation with highest moralss that is the criterion demanded by Siemens present president and CEO Peter Loscher. Its mission is to happen the best manner of uniting and developing know-how and expertness, so that Siemens can productively impart them into outstanding value for clients. It has three nucleus values Responsible: Committed to ethical and responsible actions ; Excellent: Achieving high public presentation and first-class consequences ; Innovative: Being advanced to make sustainable value. Strategic issues Pioneer of sustainability Sustainability is viewed as an of import factor for success. Siemens wants to be the innovator of sustainability. Sustainable development is the most of import strategic aim in the long tally. Sustainability serves as the footing for Siemens hereafter concern success and is the most of import facet of Siemens corporate scheme. ( Barney, 1986 ) . What s more, in recent old ages, Siemens has applied this scheme into operation, with the Siemens environmental portfolio increasing, it has an exceptionally wide spectrum of merchandises and solutions for environmental and climate protection Great in diverseness Siemens is engaged in advancing diverseness in all degrees of the company to a greater grade than of all time earlier. Up to presents, diverseness has been given a lasting topographic point in the corporate degree scheme. In Siemens civilization, particularly for the increasing deficit of extremely qualified people and demographic alterations in the planetary concern, diverseness is a requirement for all the muti-national companies long-run success. Diversity is besides a requirement for its international concern. Advanced Invention has ever been one of nucleus competence in Siemens concern scheme. In Siemens civilization, Inventions are thought to be able to heighten the nucleus competency of Siemens. What s more, Mhos have to maintain its advantage over its rivals in this technological product-dominated market. Strategic analysis for Siemens First, PESTEL will be applied to measure the microenvironment of Siemens, for Porter s five forces analysis, the electrical equipment division will be taken as an illustration and a complete SWOT analysis will follow to measure he strategic options for Siemens. PESTEL analysis of the macro-environment The external environment for international concern is ever complicated and dynamic. The PESTEL analysis of the maco-environment of Siemens is based from two positions: one is that Siemens run its concern in German and the other status is that it runs its concern internationally or in other finish states. PESTEL analysis for Siemens Germany GLOBAL Political Germany authorities policy on subsidies ; lessening policies for German houses Different states has different policies ; the relationship between the authorities of finish state and German ; grade of local authorities s intercession in the economic system ; the quality of service that local authorities provide to foreign houses ; lessening policies for domestic houses ; duty barrier of non-tariff barrier from finish state ; the instruction of the work force, the wellness of the state and Economic The economic system in Germany ; the growing rate of German economic system ; involvement rate ; rising prices rate ; domestic rivals. Global fiscal crisis ; Overseas economic growing ; the construction of local economic system ; the quality of the substructure of the economic system such as the transit and electrical system ; degree of national income ; involvement rate ; exchange rate ; rising prices rate ; Market demand and sections for Siemens merchandises ; local and international rivals. Social Structure and size of population ; Structure and size of population ; Availability of local human resources ; Migration flows ; civilization differences ; trade name image of Siemens in finish state Technological New engineerings related with Siemens concern in German ; any engineering that could cut down cost, better quality or service and assist selling such as online engineering. International technological discoveries ; New engineerings related with Siemens concern in German ; advantages and disadvantages of Siemens engineerings when compared with international rivals ; any engineering that could cut down cost, better quality or service and assist selling such as online engineering. Environmental Weather and clime in German ; hardware such as land available for Siemens concern Global clime alteration ; weather and clime in finish state ; natural environment ; Legal Environment ordinance ; related Torahs in German. Related international and local Torahs and ordinances. Political Political factors ever have great impact over the maco-environment in which the concern tallies, so muti-national companies need to make research on political environment before their international selling planning. Siemens is making good in measuring political hazard before it enters a new market. If necessary, a study sing the political hazards demands to be completed before its international selling ( Bell, 2001 ) . Economic The economic state of affairs in finish states, the impact of currency fluctuations on exchange rates, the development of local market, the local market construction ( Barney, 1996 ) , the local human resources and the sensitivity of local consumers are all really of import issues for Siemens to see ( Bierly,1996 ) . The planetary economic system merely experienced the fiscal crisis ; although Siemens got a steady fiscal public presentation for a batch of old ages before the fiscal crisis, Siemens concern in most states still experienced a downswing. Another job is that, together with the fiscal crisis is the tightened recognition system for Siemens, which brought a batch of problem to its concern. The high spot is that some new markets such as the China market are still turning fast and these new markets provide good chances for Siemens gross coevals. Social The cultural difference is frequently a tough job that all the muti-national companies have met with ( Choi, 2000 ) . Culture, faith and society are of great importance to us. Will and how the local cultural differences affect Siemens concern should besides be evaluated. .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 , .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .postImageUrl , .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 , .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728:hover , .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728:visited , .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728:active { border:0!important; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728:active , .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ap Literature East Of Eden EssayOne of Siemens schemes is Diversity as a factor of success. Siemens is advancing diverseness in the direction ranks of the company to a greater grade than of all time before. Besides, the trade name image of Siemens is really good and besides means high quality by many buyers ( Davenport, et, 2002 ) , which is one of Siemens advantages from the societal position. Technological Mhos still have great technological advantages in its professional field such as electrical equipment. It is still keeping an advanced place in the international competition in this field. It besides has been viewed as a top pioneer in the Fieldss of mechanization, buoy uping, wellness attention and fire safety for a batch of old ages. Keeping technological advantages over its rivals has ever been its nucleus competence. However, its technological advantage is non that obvious in some market sections. For illustration, in some states where authoritiess are non willing to afford high cost of new equipments, some smaller companies gained advantages over Siemens. Some clients are more interested in solar energy, while Siemens is non making good in the solar energy field. On the contrary, smaller companies like First Solar ( FSLR ) are more feasible than Mhos and their engineering are cheaper. Environmental With increasing attending from all states in the universe on planetary heating and with greater environmental consciousness, environment is going a important issue for muti-national houses to see ( Michael, 2003 ) . The turning desire to protect the environment is holding a great impact the industry. More environmentally friendly merchandises and procedures are in pressing demand. All of these external factors can convey good concern chances for Siemens. Legal The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment ( WEEE ) Directive of the European Union ( EU ) makes manufacturers of electrical and electronic goods financially responsible for specified aggregation, recycling, intervention and disposal of past and future covered merchandises. The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2006, which implement most facets of the WEEE Directive, came into force in 2007 in most Europe states. Several merchandise divisions of Mhos are capable to the WEEE ordinance ( Hofee, 2003 ) . Porter s five forces As Mhos have several of import sectors, and the 5 forces analysis for each sector are pretty different. As one of the most of import divisions of Siemens, electrical equipment will be used as the research aim for Porter s five forces analysis here. Porter s five forces Degree of competition The grade of completion in this industry is pretty high and there are many large participants in this market Dickering power of clients The infinite for clients to deal is limited as the merchandises are extremely specialised and it hard for clients to happen comparable merchandises at lower monetary values Dickering power of providers Suppliers who supply natural stuffs or parts to industries have small bargaining power Menace of new entrants: As the equipment is of high engineering, in the early phase of this industry, the entrant barrier of this industry is high. Mhos and GE have dominated this industry for decennaries. Menace of replacements However, with the popularity of new energy engineerings, some little companies besides entered this market with lower-cost engineering and energy, so it is acquiring more and easier to happen a substituted in some limited field in a little graduated table. Degree of competition: In this industry, Siemens competes with large participants. GE has a strong market place in this industry, while ABB has great advantages in power coevals and transmittal. The figure of market participants in this field is large and the grade of competition is high ( Barney, 1995 ) . Dickering power of clients: In other industries, it is easy for companies to cut the monetary values as they compete for the same trades, which is less possible to go on in the industrial electrical equipment industry. These merchandises are of extremely specialized and professional engineerings, so clients find it is really hard for clients to buy merchandises of comparable quality at the same or even lower monetary values. Dickering power of providers: those companies that provide equipment parts and natural stuffs to these companies ever have small bargaining power. As the equipment parts and natural stuffs are easy to be found in the unfastened market, so the providers are easy to be replaced by other providers. Menace of new entrants: Mhos and GE have dominated this industry for a batch of old ages. To run with the large participants, a new company would necessitate a great trade of investing. The company needs to hold really good credibleness and connexions of both established houses and authoritiess. So the entrant barrier for this industry is high. Menace of replacements: some new engineerings from smaller companies, which focus on green energy, have posted menace to large companies that lacks a viing merchandise. In solar equipment, for illustration, some smaller companies are going more feasible as their engineering becomes cheaper, while solar companies may shortly hold the strength to vie with traditional power beginning on monetary value and public presentation, the menace from substitutes station force per unit area to supplier like Siemens. In drumhead, although the completion in this industry is ferocious, the entrant barrier for new entrants is high, what s more, both client and provider have limited bargaining power. The force per unit areas from little companies which focus on green energy maintain increasing as they have advantages on monetary value and cost. SWOT Analysis Strengths Failings Large company graduated table and market portion ; Strong trade name image ; It has a batch of divisions ; Steady fiscal public presentation. Strong R A ; D capablenesss Good at diverseness Less advanced in the low-priced new engineering Low in recognition evaluation Weak in internal control Depend upon third party service suppliers for bulk of its operational activities Opportunities Menaces Increasing demand for environment friendly merchandises Bankrupt of some local companies in other states Joint venture with other large playes New ordinance ; Completion from new and smaller rivals ; Ill-defined tendency of planetary economic system Strengths Siemens is a German technology pudding stone with considerable graduated table and market portion ; Siemens is a diversified group, with concern in information and communications, mechanization and control, power, transit, medical and lighting concerns. It have strong trade name image. The trade name of Siemens has good planetary market incursion. The trade name is ever connected with merchandises of high quality in a batch of markets. It has steady fiscal public presentation in recent old ages ( Dess, 2008 ) . Over the old ages, Siemens has delivered steady fiscal consequences. Siemens net net incomes have a similar tendency in recent old ages. Steady fiscal public presentation enables Siemens to pull off its operations good and besides better the fiscal flexibleness in the following a few old ages. Mhos is celebrated for its Strong R A ; D capablenesss, which is besides an of import factor for its concern success. Its research and development ( R A ; D ) investing keeps increasing in recent old ages ; the mean figure of employees engaged in R A ; D besides keeps increasing ( Grant, 2008 ) . The group s focal point in R A ; D facilitates development of new merchandises and sweetenings to bing merchandises aid in keeping its strong market place and functioning a new section of clients. .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da , .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .postImageUrl , .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da , .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da:hover , .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da:visited , .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da:active { border:0!important; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da:active , .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Death Penalty Essay AgainstThe planetary economic system needs diverseness. Siemens has given diversity a lasting topographic point in the corporate degree scheme. In Siemens civilization, in position of the deficit of extremely qualified people and demographic alterations, diverseness is a requirement for Siemens long-run success. Failing Siemens is less advanced in the low-priced new engineering. For illustration, smaller companies like First Solar ( FSLR ) are more feasible than Mhos as their engineering becomes cheaper, so Siemens now face the force per unit area from smaller companies. Mhos is low in recognition evaluation. Siemens s recognition evaluations were downgraded by some major planetary evaluation bureaus in the recent old ages, which is partially due to its capital construction ( Hungenberg, 2008 ) . In November 2007, Moody s Investors Service downgraded Siemens long-run corporate recognition evaluation from Aa3 to A1.Its finance is non good at bring forthing hard currency flow, hence, Siemens ability to obtain new support and investing from external investors may be negatively affected by its low recognition evaluation. Its internal controlling manner is non every bit effectual as expected. Some referees said Siemens revelation controls and processs have been non effectual due to material failing in its internal control. In the country of anti-corruption and fiscal study, Siemens got a batch of problem due to its failing in internal control. Mhos relied on 3rd party service organisations for most of its operational activities. It buys 3rd party services for fabrication, piecing and proving its merchandises, while these 3rd parties ever have sorts of tie ups with multiple companies. Any jobs from these 3rd parties could adversely impact the group s operations. Heavy dependance on 3rd party reduces the group s control over its operation and concern costs. The consistency of the merchandises could non be guaranteed, either. Opportunities During the fiscal crisis, a batch of little companies went insolvents, some companies are of great value to heighten Siemens competence. It is a good clip to purchase these companies with low cost. Ally with a strong participant is a good manner to portion the resource and heighten the competence of both companies. For illustration, joint venture is a good manner. Nokia and Siemens established a 50-50 joint venture in 2007. The joint venture is called Nokia Siemens Networks, which combined Nokia s webs concern and Siemens bearer related operations for fixed and nomadic webs. This joint venture is expected to supply important long term returns to both groups. As all the states are caring more about the environment, There is a increasing demand for environment friendly merchandises, which is related to several merchandises line of Siemens. Menaces The new ordinance of manufacturers of electrical and electronic goods financially responsible for specified aggregation, recycling, intervention and disposal of past and future covered merchandises post ample costs and liabilities to Siemens. Small companies are deriving market portion by their merchandises with lower monetary value, which make the competition more intense. The planetary economic system has non to the full recovered from the fiscal crisis, so the market has non to the full recovered, either. Besides, the recognition is still tight, and it is really hard for Siemens to acquire new support from external capital market. The strategic options from SWOT By the SWOT analysis, assorted strategic options could be draw from different positions: on one manus, Siemens could be advised to mean to beef up its advantage ; on the other manus, scheme of weakening its failing is besides a good pick. Besides, as for external analysis, Siemens need to seek to do best of the timeserving external environment offered. What s more, antagonizing the negative impact from external menace is a manner for Siemens to accomplish its success. Strengthened advantages Weakening the disadvantages Promote its company size Increase its market portion and maintain gross turning Restructure the organisation to do its division more diversified. Build even strong trade name image and make better in trade name market incursion by sensible public relation activities and selling publicities Update its R A ; D capablenesss to a even stronger phase so as to heighten its nucleus competency With steady fiscal public presentation, work hard on high RIO for interest holders. Take actions to do both its concern and organisational civilization more diversified to accommodate to the development of planetary economic system Develop new divisions in charge of new merchandises with lower-price to vie in the low-price and new energy market sections Better its gaining control construction, do more rigorous control in its finance procedure and make better in finance revelation The operational parts of Siemens need to be restructured to acquire better inner control, and procedure modeling of Siemens besides needs to be modified. Move some of the activities from 3rd parties into in house so that Siemens will non extremely rely on 3rd party suppliers Make best usage of chances Counteract on menace More investing on the R A ; D for the environment friendly and new energy merchandises Develop better populace relationship with local authorities Make sensible investing on some smaller companies which have been in insolvent Ally with some strong participants to portion the resources and cut down the hazards. Enhance its ability of defying the negative impact of fiscal crisis or economic fluctuation from planetary economic system Do better on the research of new ordinance and do readying every bit early as possible. By and large talking, every scheme has its cost and benefit, it is ever had to make an all unit of ammunition cost and benefit analysis for all the schemes listed supra. It will do Mhos expose to less hazard by the scheme of beef uping its advantages. What s more, as one of the market leaders in the industry, Siemens has advantages over its rivals in many facets and do best usage of market chances can ever assist a company to achieve a batch in a long tally. However, supporting schemes from its failing and external menace besides have particular significance for its success. Based on all the analysis, suggestions for Siemens scheme are as followers: Inner control It is advised that Siemens need to make some alterations to internal control so that it can make better in commanding internal information and direction ; the procedure modeling of Siemens besides needs to be modified. Transportation activities from 3rd parties it could reassign some of its outsourced activities into in-house so that it wo nt extremely trust on 3rd party suppliers, which bring a batch of hazard to Siemens ; Restructure the capital construction it need to curtail its gaining control construction so that it could upgrade its recognition evaluation, which help it acquire steady support in the low tally ; for external competition. Found new divisions for new merchandises Found new R A ; D divisions to research new merchandises aimed on the low-price engineering and new energy market cleavage to vie with some smaller company with low-price merchandises. Joint venture Joint venture with other strong participants is a good scheme to portion resources and bring forth gross with lower cost.

Nursing Philosophy Essay

Nursing Philosophy Essay Nursing Philosophy Essay Doctors without Borders and its Philosophy Sammy Jergens As a nursing student you are expected to make a choice as to what field of nursing you would like to go into. There are many options that a student could look into, working at a hospital, clinic, or even teach. However, maybe an entirely different option should be thought of such as working for a humanitarian organization. There are many organizations to choose from that have a nursing component. One of them has stuck out, maybe because they integrate the four phenomenon of good nursing into their own mission statement. This group is Doctors without Borders also known as MSF for Medecins Sans Frontieres. A not for profit organization that â€Å"provides independent, impartial assistance in more than 60 countries to people whose survival is threatened by violence, neglect, or catastrophe, primarily due to armed conflict, epidemics, malnutrition, exclusion from health care, or natural disasters.† (Doctors without Borders [MSF], 2012) The philosophy of Nursing for Rockford College is divided up into four key concepts. These concepts are nursing, health, person, and environment. Each part is integral in developing an outstanding nurse. The same concepts are found in the charter of Doctors without Borders and will be explored throughout this paper. â€Å"MSF’s work is based on the humanitarian principles of medical ethics and impartiality.† (MSF, 2012) Nursing According to the Rockford College school of Nursing manual, â€Å"Nursing is an art and a science concerned with the promotion, maintenance, and restoration of optimal health.† (Rockford College Nursing department, 2012) Also nursing is described as to having responsibility to society to provide quality health care to all. And to best serve society a nurse should be politically active and practice collaboratively with clients and other health care providers. Doctors without Borders does all of these actions. â€Å"Calls public attention to humanitarian catastrophes and by pointing to the causes of such catastrophes, the organization helps to form bodies of public opinion opposed to violations and abuses of power.† (Nobel Prize 2012) They speak out to bring attention to neglected crises, challenge inadequacies or abuse of the aid system, and to advocate for improved medical treatments and protocols. As a nurse you are the voice of the client even if the client is a group of people. Health â€Å"Health is dynamic and continuously changing† (Potter & Perry, 2009) Meaning that we cannot count on the knowledge that we have will still be relevant tomorrow. Doctors without borders knows this and has â€Å"continuously tried to upgrade its logistical networks and supply chains. And the organization now utilizes specialized medical kits and equipment that enable its teams to start saving lives immediately after they are deployed.† (MSF, 2012) Also according to Rockford College Nursing Handbook health responds to personal biology, lifestyle, the environment and the health care system. Doctors without border strive to help communities rebuild themselves and in turn rebuild the lives of the people in them. In the world of healthcare everything is connected in one way or another, almost like a balancing act. As a nurse you find the balance for your patient, whether its health promotion or just awareness, and Doctors without borders does the same. Person It is important to realize that not every human is a cookie cutter image of the one before them. â€Å"Each person is a unique, complex, holistic being with biophysical, psychological, spiritual, and socio-cultural dimensions.† (Rockford College Nursing Department, 2012) Doctors without Borders understand this and assess each individual’s situation and come up with a plan that fits each one. However, when they asses their care plans it’s not for one person at a time, but a whole group of people. MSF treats patients with infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, sleeping

Sigmund Freud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Sigmund Freud - Essay Example Freud compared religious practice with neurosis as it related to the unconscious forces of guilt through repetitive behavior. (Kessler, 2007, p.149)When discussing religious mysticism and the unity experience, Freud believed that the deep unconscious patterns of the womb experience and infancy were the basis of this manifestation in religion. (Kessler, 2007, p.148) Along with this, Freud viewed desire / satisfaction, feelings of security / insecurity, and the need to be accepted or loved as related to childhood patterns of family relationship. These also form the basis of the need for religion in the individual. Freud believed that the Oedipal complex was itself a universal pattern that was reflected in religious belief. He felt fundamentally that religion was an illusion, like a neurosis, and used historically for the repression of instincts. As human societies become more developed and educated, he believed, religion would increasingly be replaced by a rational and secular society where sin was redefined and guilt was not repressed. Thus, modern, cosmopolitan liberal culture and the sexual development of Western culture that has occurred since the 1920’s are an example of what Freud believed would occur when religious beliefs on the repression of basic instincts and desires were lifted by society through secularism. Carl Jung believed that Freud was too narrow in interpreting the Oedipal as universal and in basing all religious instincts on the unconscious behavior patterns of childhood. His work posited the â€Å"collective unconscious† and psychological archetypes that formed a type of deep human identity relationship with the universe and manifested through religious mythology and dream symbolism similarly. (Kessler, 2007, p.149) According to Jung, the way that the individual conceived the self and God or ultimate reality represented a gap that was to be bridged by the spiritual path or the process of self-realization. Thus, if the individual viewed the religious path as a means of self-expression of the Self’s highest values, it would be a valuable and healthy aspect of self-development, and not neurosis as Freud posited. Some claim that each psychologist’s writings reflected a cultural bias from their social position. Freud’s family was Jewish growing up in the pre-Nazi era in Austria (Vienna), while Jung was a Protestant German in the same period who relocated to Switzerland during the pre-war era. Jung was highly influenced by the German alchemical tradition, and he uses psychology as a basis to reformulate this religious philosophy into a theory of higher self-realization, while Freud’s own Oedipal complex may have been dominant and thus related to him as positing it as a cosmological principal. Similarly, Freud and Jung’s views on religions can be seen as describing their own highest Self and value systems, and based on their own understanding of the individual in relation to soc iety which is also projected subjectively into the theory. 3. A theodicy is a theological or religious justification for the existence or appearance of evil in the world. (Kessler, 2007, p.161) As Kessler states, this is the simplest definition, for on one hand evil can be defined in all manner of ways as intentional pain, suffering, violence, death, destruction, cruelty, etc. but a theodicy is generally used to reconcile these perceptions of reality with a conception of God that is pure, true, the sum of the good, and all-loving. The practical experience of an individual living in the world contradicts the ideal of a perfect, loving God generally unless it is mediated with a theodicy. The karma philosophy in Buddhism and Hinduism posits a

EPIC systems as the chosen Information Management Application for Essay

EPIC systems as the chosen Information Management Application for California Pacific Medical Center - Essay Example The application incorporates the use of both computer and information science technologies. The application provides a wide base of operation and ensures the use of practical dimension of the recent technology as prescribed by the nursing informatics principles. The application is used in the hospital and has brought efficiency in the operations of the hospital. Incorporation of the application has worked in hand with other information management application to ensure continued efficiency and effectiveness. Consequently, use of Information Management Application help organizations improves on the quality of service delivered to the hospital clients. The applications support the core values of the organization; quality, effectiveness, efficiency and integrity. Introduction The EPIC system is a series of computer related technologies adopted in the health sector to yield efficiency and effectiveness in the area of operation used for one. EPIC system interlinks various departments and u nits of an organization with the aim of facilitating functionality in the operations of the organization. The inpatient and outpatient admission-discharge-transfer application (ADT) focuses on building internal hospital efficiency. The EPIC ADT application integrated in California Pacific Medical Center has key components with features that support effective operation of the hospital (Armoni, 2002). The diversity of the EPIC system ranges from their functional ability to the nature of patient handling. Outpatients and inpatients possess different data packs to meet their specific objectives. The outpatient EPICADT component package allows a quick registry of the incoming patient, keeping a mark on the number of patients visiting and leaving the hospital. It also keeps the focus on clinical data management of the patients. This starts with creating an account for every patient and which act as the core tool for identity of the patient (Scaffzin, Prichard, Bisig, Gainor, Wolfe, Salon, Webster, & McCarthy, 2013). All the details of the patient are kept in that account and can easily be accessed through use of the patient user name or identification details. The system stores information and data relating to the individuals who visited the hospital (Saba, 2006). Such information includes a description of the health status of the patients. The areas visited by the patients are also included in the system and EPIC ensures keeping a record in every unit. For example, a patient visiting the consultancy department will have his or her name written in the system. If the patient visits another unit in the hospital, for example the laboratory department, the name of the patient will have to appear automatically since it was once used in the system. The EPIC system has a working scenario of â€Å"one client, one file†. Ambulatory services will also reflect on the system. The inpatient systems also have its category of packages available for the patients. It keeps a smooth and updated record on the admissions made in the hospital (Tan, 2011). As well, the system keeps information and data on the discharges and transfers made in the hospital. The importance of such information is articulated in the database of the hospital and aid easy retrieval and access to the information. Information on patients in a hospital is a crucial tool and a management aspect that aid smooth operations (Hewwet, 2002). Furthermore, ease of

Existentialism and Rebt Essay Example for Free

Existentialism and Rebt Essay During a lifetime, most individuals question the meaning of their existence at one point or another. Existential therapy aims to help individuals find purpose, have better defined goals, and live life to the fullest. Existential therapy takes into account cultural, social and political values of the client. It attempts to help the client live more deliberately, while accepting life’s unpredictable challenges and contradictions. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is complementary to existential therapy by providing techniques to help clients make changes once their awareness is increased through existential discovery. Existential therapy and REBT integrated approach to counseling can provide successful results by combining individual meaning with reasonable thinking. This empowers clients to take control of their lives. The first step in the therapy process is to help the client become aware of what changes need to be made in order to live a more fulfilling and satisfying life. This is achieved by examining one or more existential themes. In his book Existential Psychotherapy, Irwin Yalom describes four major themes that permeate existential psychotherapy: death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness. In the first theme, death, here are two major ideas that play key factors in therapy (Yalom, 1980). First of all, death and life coexist. Even though physically they are clearly separated, psychologically they exist simultaneously. Death is a natural part of the cycle of life, and as one dies, another is given an opportunity to experience life (Kaufmann, 1975). Death is a realistic threat and a part of our daily lives. Every day we are alive, we are closer to death. Frankl (2006) believes that â€Å"if there is a meaning in life at all, then there must be a meaning in suffering. Suffering is an ineradicable part of life, even as fate and death. Without suffering and death human life cannot be complete† (p. 67). Nothing in this world lasts forever. It is only natural for humans to see death as a part of life that is unavoidable. The awareness of death has a significant impact on life and â€Å"Although the physicality of death destroys man, the idea of death saves him† (Yalom, 1980, p. 30). Awareness of death allows individuals to live life more fully, authentically, and appreciate how truly precious life is. Authenticity is one of the main concepts of existentialism and is defined as being genuine, true to one’s feelings and beliefs, aware of self and surroundings, and ability to successfully deal with issues related to existence (Sharf, 2008). People come to appreciate life more, exist mindfully and purposefully. Nietzsche wrote: â€Å"He that consummates his life dies his death victoriously† (Kaufmann, 1975, p. 129). Those who live a complete and happy life are less likely to be afraid of death because they have experienced life to the fullest. A potential threat of life be taken away makes it more likely for people to appreciate and enjoy life. Without suffering how does one know pleasure? For example, someone with cancer who previously has taken life for granted may have a greater appreciation for life after beating the illness. In such cases, people feel the urgency to take pleasure in life’s every unique moment and relish the simple joys while they still can. Very often people do not value things until they are taken away or are threatened to be taken away. The second idea is that death anxiety constantly affects the way people experience their life. In addition, most anxiety comes from issues related to death and decreasing anxiety is one the major goals of psychotherapy. Anxiety can stem from many issues, such as control or fear. Fear of death is one of the significant motivators in our society. We constantly come up with new ways to avoid death by building safer vehicles, wearing protective gear, inventing new medical treatments and procedures. Self preservation is a natural instinct and anxiety related to the end of our life is an unavoidable reality. There are many reasons why individuals are afraid of death: inability to take care of dependents, pain and sadness that loved ones will feel, or fear of the afterlife. But one of the most common reasons is the fear of nothingness and loss of self (Yalom, 1980). Death anxiety can manifest itself in many different ways (Yalom, 1980). One’s feeling of missing exciting events or the desire to control the surrounding world, demonstrate this manifestation. These unhealthy thoughts help individuals ease fear of death by dealing not with the real and terrifying source of anxiety, but indirectly, through more socially acceptable actions. Many people protect themselves from death anxiety by denying it. Yalom (1980) discussed two ways that accomplish this goal: the ultimate rescuer and personal specialness. Both ideas lead people to feel that they will not be affected by misfortune like others might be. The ultimate rescuer is a type of defense mechanism leading people to believe that someone will come into their life and save them from their problems. An example of this would be a person with severe financial problems needing money to take care of health problems believing that someone or something will bring the needed money and the situation will work itself out. Personal specialness involves the belief that one is in a way different from others and therefore immune from the hardships of life. Personal specialness can be seen all around us: a healthy woman thinking cancer will never happen to her, couples believing there is no way they can have an autistic child, or a teenager driving recklessly believing that there is no way he will get in an accident and die. The awareness of finiteness enables people to appreciate the surrounding world at a much deeper level and find what it is they are meant to contribute to the world. The second theme of existential psychotherapy is freedom. Freedom and responsibility go hand in hand. Individuals who are responsible are conscious of the fact that the world is not working against them. They come to realize that their experiences are the outcomes of their own decisions. Some people may feel that their environment, their unconscious mind, or genetic make up is working against them. Existential theory takes into consideration that these sometimes uncontrollable factors have an effect on events, but do not completely determine them. Frankl (2006) wrote regarding his experiences in a concentration camp: Every day, every hour, offered the opportunity to make a decision, a decision which determined whether you would or would not submit to those powers which threatened to rob you of your very self, your inner freedom; which determined whether or not you would become the plaything of circumstances, renouncing freedom and dignity to become molded into the form of the typical inmate (p. 66). In extreme situations as this, freedom represents psychological separation from a difficult situation. In this case, a person has inner freedom to choose how he feels and what he thinks. His physical freedom and material possessions can be taken away, but his thoughts, feelings, his self, cannot. People have the freedom to make any decision they choose, are responsible for these decisions and have to be able to face the outcomes. Yalom (1980) wrote that â€Å"To be aware of responsibility is to be aware of creating one’s own self, destiny, life predicament, feelings, and if such be the case, one’s own suffering† (p. 218). Having the freedom to control one’s own destiny and â€Å"own the insight that you and only you construct your own life design† can be a heavy burden to bear, but once individuals become aware of their power and accept the challenge, they can make significant improvements and live more authentically (Yalom, 1989, p. 38). Simple awareness may not be enough for change to take place. One must be willing and committed to address the negative aspects of life and become responsible for adopting new behaviors. People must accept responsibility for their lives and decisions they have made; otherwise, growth and positive change cannot take place. The third theme of existential therapy is isolation. Yalom (1980) discusses three types of isolation: interpersonal, intrapersonal, and existential. Interpersonal isolation involves separation of self from others. Many factors can contribute to such isolation, such as personality, culture, or physical location. In this case the person does not have a social support network, is not involved in healthy relationships and may feel cut off from other people. Intrapersonal isolation takes place when a person represses certain events, separates part/parts of the psyche or no longer has pronounced personal opinions and beliefs. Yalom (1980) sums up intrapersonal isolation by saying that it â€Å"results whenever one stifles one’s own feelings or desires, accepts â€Å"oughts† or â€Å"shoulds† as one’s own wishes, distrusts one’s own judgment, or buries one’s own potential†. Lastly, existential isolation refers to the feeling of being alone in the world. Regardless of how many friends or family members one has and how closely they are involved together, the person is still isolated and has distinctive experiences of the surrounding world. This may be considered a pessimistic view of life, but it is hard to deny that each person is one of a kind, whose true feeling and experience only they can know. Isolation can be seen as a representation of individuals’ uniqueness. Even though isolation is a part of life, intimate relationships are vital to a fulfilling life. Frankl (2006) wrote â€Å"†¦love is the ultimate and the highest goal to which man can aspire†¦The salvation of man is through love and in love. I understood how a man who has nothing left in this world still may find bliss†¦in the contemplation of his beloved† (p. 37). Genuine and loving relationships, where both individuals are actively involved, provide means to deal with existential isolation and help people find a sense of self. The final theme of existential therapy is meaninglessness. Many people struggle with the idea of what the meaning of their life is. People need a reason to wake up every day, go to work, do their chores, and repeat the cycle over and over again. Lack of goals, hope and purpose, can lead to stress, depression, and even suicide. It is a natural human desire to search for order, patterns, and explanations in the world. This need for organization raises the ultimate question of why and for what one lives. The quest for the meaning of life is divided into two groups of thought: man creates meaning and man is in search of meaning. The first idea is non spiritual and is based on the fact that there is no prearranged meaning and people create their own reason to live. The second way of thought regarding meaning of life is spiritual. It states that meaning is predetermined by a higher power and is something that a person needs to find. Frankl (2006) wrote â€Å"Everyone has his own specific vocation or mission in life to carry out a concrete assignment which demands fulfillment. Therein he cannot be replaced, nor can his life be repeated. Thus, everyone’s task is as unique as his specific opportunity to implement it† (p. 109). Regardless of the origin of meaning, it helps people truly live and keep going. As discussed earlier, the themes of death, freedom, isolation and meaninglessness are used to build self-awareness in clients. Following the point when the client is committed to modify behavior, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) concepts and techniques are incorporated to make lasting changes in the client’s life. REBT therapists’ goal is to â€Å"help clients to give up their demands for perfection and to strive to develop constructive self-acceptance as well as acceptance of others† (Walen, DiGiuseppe, Dryden, 1992, p. 14) by overcoming their irrational beliefs. Irrational beliefs are unreasonable, do not represent actual events, commonly involve â€Å"black and white† thinking, lead to anxiety and prevent people from achieving their goals (Walen et al. ,1992). Within an existential theme of death, a client who has severe death anxiety and constantly avoids participating in various activities in order to avoid potential dangers, would first be guided to examine the reasons for death anxiety, and the irrational belief of death threat would be challenged by the therapist. There are six principles of REBT (Walen et al. , 1992). The core idea of the theory is that â€Å"we feel what we think† (Walen et al., 1992, p. 15). External factors do not cause people to feel a certain way, but rather people’s internal perceptions and interpretations contribute to the destructive emotional and behavioral reactions. The next principle is that irrational thinking causes the majority of emotional distress. Irrational thought patterns such as â€Å"musts†, â€Å"shoulds† and exaggerations can create extreme anxiety in individuals and make them feel out of control. The third principle states that by changing thinking patterns, the person can overcome anxiety causing feelings. Another principle discusses various factors that affect ways of thinking. According to Sharf (2008), Albert Ellis took into account biological and social factors that affect human development and susceptibility to develop irrational beliefs. Ellis believed that people have inborn drives to think irrationally and react to the environment in certain way. People are also strongly affected by their interpersonal relationships. Ellis found that if others perceive the person as worthy, the person is more likely to perceive himself as worthy, too. Our society as a whole contributes to this way of thinking by telling us that we â€Å"must† and â€Å"have to† do things a certain way. For example, parents telling kids to eat everything on their plate. This promotes the belief in children that if they do not finish a meal, they have failed. In adulthood, this can lead to obesity and other health problems, as well as irrational patterns of thought related to food. The fifth principle encourages clients to focus on the present. People may become â€Å"stuck† in the past and previously used thinking and coping patterns. By doing so, they are not able to leave behind destructive habits and move towards healthier ways of dealing with issues. Finally, REBT has an optimistic view and promotes that people can change. With hard work and determination, irrational and self-defeating thoughts can be reduced and lead to a more satisfying life. REBT uses a three part model to help clients overcome their issues: ‘A’ as activating event or adversities, ‘B’ as belief and ‘C’ as consequences. ‘A’ is the perceived unfortunate event in the person’s life which spurs self-defeating reactions. ‘B’ primarily includes believing, thinking, and also emoting and behaving in relation to ‘A’. C is characterized as the destructive consequences of ‘B’. According to Ellis (2002), many clients find it difficult to understand the ABC model as they wrongfully believe that ‘A’ directly causes ‘C’. It is important for clients to understand that their beliefs contribute significantly to the emotionally destructive consequences. It is important for individuals to focus on the adverse event and experience the entire range of emotions that occur as a result. Clients are encouraged to focus on specific thoughts that caused negative emotions, such as perceived ‘musts’ and ‘shoulds’. Then, they are instructed to replace damaging thoughts with healthier ones and work to pinpoint which thoughts contribute to positive versus negative emotions. This technique allows the client to better control their thoughts, leading to more functional emotions and behaviors. It is important to help clients understand that thinking, emoting and behaving frequently happens simultaneously rather than individually. If a client is upset with a loved one, he might be feeling hurt, thinking that he is being ignored, and behaving angrily by raising his voice all at the same time (Ellis, 2002). Clients are encouraged to honestly and openly experience feelings, accept their existence and how they influence clients’ lives (Ellis, 1997). Sharf (2008) discusses Ellis’ belief in the importance of concentrating on the long-term goals, which he calls responsible hedonism. REBT believes that enjoyment is a significant part of life, but that many individuals focus on short-term pleasure, such as substance abuse, rather than concentrating on the long-term enjoyment of living a healthy life. Humanism is another core concept of REBT. Each person is viewed as a whole and goal-oriented being. Clients are encouraged to have Unconditional Self Acceptance, which includes assets and flaws. They are taught to value themselves because they are alive, regardless of the mistakes they have made, their socioeconomic status, intellectual abilities or the type of feelings they experience. Existentialism and REBT concepts have several common characteristics, which can make the use of these two therapies together more effective than individual use. This integrated approach provides an â€Å"existential framework that balances the appeal to reason with the unique human tendency to discover individual meaning† (Hutchinson Chapman, 2005, p. 146). According to Ellis (2002), there are seven main ways in which existential therapy and REBT practices are similar and therefore complement each other in achieving change in clients. First of all, both theories accept the fact that anxiety is a normal part of life. Moderate existential anxiety is what keeps people alive. The problem occurs when humans become overly concerned with certain life events and become neurotic. Second, existential theory believes that people are able to rise above potential and existing unfortunate situations. REBT also believes that people can choose to think about difficult events in such ways that do not cause distress. The third similarity is that both theories agree that it is vital to â€Å"directly and firmly show†¦clients the error in their ways† (Ellis, 2002, p. 253). Clients need to be taught skills in order to make changes to destructive thoughts and behaviors. Clients are ‘free’ to change, but might be unable to do so without concrete techniques. Another similarity is that both theories incorporate the idea that individuals have the freedom and power to be in control of their destiny. Ellis (1997) wrote: â€Å"[choice]†¦is one of the main advantages of being human: you can choose, usually, to think one thing or another† (p. 38). People have the ability to decide and control how they think, and consequently how they feel or behave in various, sometimes extremely difficult situations. They can choose to feel depressed, helpless and hopeless or take charge of a situation and focus on what they can control. The goal of purposeful living contributing to a more meaningful and fulfilling life can be seen in existential therapy and REBT. A meaningful life helps individuals become more self-actualized and increase personal awareness. With increased awareness and meaning, people can better control self-defeating thoughts and overcome existential conflicts. The next idea that existential therapy and REBT share is that there is no absolute truth. Each person’s experiences are subjective and unique occurrences. Every individual knows what is true for him only and it is difficult for people to come to an agreement regarding what is true (Kaufmann, 1975). Additionally, both theories focus on the present. It is important to work on problematic behaviors that are happening today. Past and future affect the person, but do not determine the reality. REBT techniques of staying calm and rational can help clients work logically on the issues of meaninglessness, isolation a nd death. The final similarity relates to the therapist client relationship. Existential and REBT therapists aim to be fully present with the client. They strive to empathize, relate and experience the world through the client’s eyes. Psychological health is subjective and depends on the person’s life style, culture and many other factors. However, there are a number of characteristics that can be used to define psychological health. In regard to existential theory, Sharf (2008) considers that â€Å"to be truly human, individuals must be aware of their own being-in-the-world†, which involves realization of one’s personal value, destiny, and responsibility (p. 151). Considering existential theory and REBT, a psychologically healthy person lives rationally, authentically, purposefully and accepts the uncontrollable life events. Authenticity is one of the main characteristics of a psychologically healthy person. Authenticity includes meaningful existence which allows individuals to feel alive, genuine, aware and fully present in the moment. Healthy individuals are honest with themselves and are able to accept their freedom to make positive choices, accept the outcomes of their decisions, and successfully cope with unanswered questions of their existence. Genuine and meaningful relationships with others are a significant part of the person’s life and one is able to maintain a healthy relationship without losing a sense of self. Avoidance of feelings that one ‘has to’ or ‘must’ do certain things is also vital. Psychologically healthy individuals do not overreact, overgeneralize and otherwise examine situations logically and rationally. These individuals are tolerant of difficult or undesirable situations, exhibit low frustration levels, focus on long-term goals, live purposeful and meaningful lives. The increased state of psychological health can take a long time and requires commitment and patience from the therapist and the client. According to Yalom (1989), the first step to increased psychological health is assumption of responsibility. In order for the client to change behavior patters, he must first accept that his current position is due to his own actions. For the client to change, therapist and client must find specific issues and tensions that play into the client’s life. A significant part of the therapeutic process is to facilitate the client to accept the contradictions and challenges of human existence. Therapist assists the client to set goals and find purpose in life, while accepting and rationally dealing with the obstacles that the client might have to face in the process. The main goal is to empower the client to realize his full potential, accept personal freedom, and be more aware of thinking, emoting, and behaving patterns. Clients increase personal awareness and start living authentically, with an ability to communicate effectively with others and understand the true self. In addition, clients explore what is important to them and how they can achieve what they want in life. In the process of working through life’s everyday challenges and experiences, clients explore deeper issues having to do with humanity in general, such as death, isolation, and meaning. Clients learn to better control self-defeating emotions, thoughts and behaviors. They start thinking more lucidly and rationally, which gives them the ability to experience life to the fullest. There are a number of methods and techniques to help clients improve psychological health, authenticity, and life satisfaction. Existential therapy and REBT agree that each person has a unique perception of reality. In existential therapy, an important strategy is to accept the world through the client’s eyes and allow the client to guide the course of therapy. Once the path of questioning is determined, the therapist uses Socratic dialog to help the client come to his own conclusions and decisions. This technique is a component of both existential therapy and REBT. It involves questions that help the client come to an understanding of a problem or situation or make a decision. Socratic dialog is used â€Å"to prompt the discovery of life purpose and meaning at a spiritual level†¦[as well as] challenge the inflexible shoulds and musts, absolutistic demands, self-downing, and catastrophic beliefs† (Hutchinson Chapman, 2005, p. 151). Such ways of questioning also contribute to a ‘buy-in’ from the client and improves self-discovery information retention (Walen et al. , 1992). Existential therapy and REBT take into consideration the past and future, but therapeutic change takes place in the present. By focusing on the present, the client is helped to continually self-actualize, experience his personal existence, and work through the issues preventing authentic existence. The main goal of REBT is to dispute the client’s irrational beliefs. The ABC model discussed earlier is the tool used to change the client’s dysfunctional thinking, but in the actual therapeutic process two more elements are added: ‘D’ as Disputation and ‘E’ as new effect. Once the activating event is clearly outlined, the therapist points out to the client his irrational beliefs which led to the undesirable consequence. Disputing involves detecting, discriminating and debating irrational beliefs. The therapist outlines and questions the client’s irrational beliefs, helping the client understand the destructive thinking patterns. Now the client is ready to adopt a more functional way of thinking, by replacing irrational beliefs with appropriate thoughts, therefore reducing unpleasant feelings about self and others and start living a more fulfilling life. Existential discussions can help clients discover personal freedom to change their state of existence and find more pleasure in life. Such self-awareness can make the disputing process easier by providing the client with the power and freedom to overcome self-defeating thoughts (Hutchinson Chapman, 1992). A genuine therapeutic relationship is a vital factor in existential therapy. The therapist strives to be authentically caring and validate the client’s feelings, thoughts and experiences. The client must feel comfortable expressing himself and allowing the therapist into his innermost thoughts and feelings. In order for this to happen, the therapist must communicate to the client that the client and his feeling and thoughts are fully accepted. A strong relationship also makes the client more likely to follow the therapist’s advice and trust the REBT disputing process. Although existential therapy and REBT are complementary in many ways, the integration has a number of limitations. The process counts on the client to be fairly insightful and self aware. Someone, whose intellectual abilities are not as strong, may not benefit as much from therapy. Past experiences of the client are taken into consideration, but are not actively explored. This may limit the insight achieved by the therapist and client, therefore slowing down improvement. Additionally, this integrated approach is more targeted towards individual therapy, so family systems techniques would need to be incorporated in order to accommodate families and couples. Existential therapy and REBT have many common objectives and share a number of underlying concepts. Although this integrated approach to counseling is somewhat directive, the client’s concerns and personal goals are in the center of the therapeutic process. Therapy is based on leading the client to self-discovery, authentic and rational existence. By combining themes and techniques of existential theory and REBT, clients gain the benefit of examining multifaceted existential themes with the addition of empirically supported REBT techniques. My interest in the integration of existential therapy and REBT originally came from personal beliefs and experiences. Congruent with existential theory, I have often questioned the purpose of my life and whether human beings are interconnected or isolated. I relate to the spiritually oriented existentialism and have always believed that every person has a certain calling; the difficulty only lies in finding what it is. Consistent with the ideas of REBT, I many times find myself and people around me overreacting, overgeneralizing, and otherwise making inappropriate statements and having irrational thoughts. By becoming more aware of my own existence, thoughts, beliefs and actions, I will be able to help my clients come to similar understandings and lead more fulfilling, purposeful, and authentic lives. My philosophical inclination, my strive to understand other people’s points of view and my focus on the present will provide a healthy and successful environment for clients to achieve their therapeutic goals. References Ellis, A. , Harper, R. (1997). A Guide to Rational Living. Chatsworth: Melvin Powers Wilshire Book Company. Ellis, A. (2002). Overcoming Resistance: A Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Integrated Apporach. New York: Springer Publishing Company Inc. Frankl, V. (2006). Man’s Search For Meaning. Boston: Beacon Press. Hutchinson, G. T. Chapman, B. P. Logotherapy-Enhanced REBT: An Integration of Discovery and Reason. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, Vol. 35, No. 2, 145-155 Kierkegaard: Dread and Freedom. In Kaufmann, Walter (Eds) (1975). Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sarte (pp83-120). New York: The New American Library Inc. Kierkegaard: Authority. In Kaufmann, Walter (Eds) (1975). Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sarte (pp83-120). New York: The New American Library Inc. Kierkegaard: Truth is Subjectivity. In Kaufmann, Walter (Eds) (1975). Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sarte (pp83-120). New York: The New American Library Inc. Nietzsche: The Portable Neitzche. In Kaufmann, Walter (Eds) (1975). Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sarte (pp121-133). New York: The New American Library Inc. Sharf, R. S. (2008). Theories of Psychotherapy and Counseling: Concepts and Cases. Belmont: University of Delaware, Thomson Brooks/Cole. Walen, S. , DiGiuseppe, R. , Dryden, W. (1992). A Practitioner’s Guide to Rational- Emotive Therapy. New York: Oxford University Press. Yalom, I. (1980). Existential Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books. Yalom, I. (1989). Love’s Executioner: Other Tails of Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.